Participatory Learning and Action 14:
Issue 14 Contents 1. But how does it compare with the REAL data? 2. RRA and the analysis of difference 3. Participatory modelling in North Omo, Ethiopia: investigating the perceptions of different groups through models 4. Shoulder tapping: a technique of training in Participatory Rural Appraisal 5. ‘Pass on the Pen’ approach: identifying the poorest of the poor families 6. The use of the school essay as an RRA technique: a case study from Bong County, Liberia 7. Methodological notes on exploring indigenous knowledge and management of crop health 8. The Thippapur experience: a PRA diary RRA Notes Readership Survey Endnotes
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IIED, December 1991. 67 pp.
Out of print except as part of a complete set of back issues:
Summary
This issue of RRA Notes contains eight articles covering a range of participatory and RRA methodologies. It also reviews the results of the first RRA Notes readership survey.
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1. But how does it compare with the REAL data?
Gerard J. Gill
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Abstract
G. Gill makes a contribution to the reliability and validity debates over data collected in RRA and PRA work. He compares rainfall information supplied by farmers in Nepal with 'real' data of meteorological stations, and concludes that the farmers' information represents a good approximation.
2. RRA and the analysis of difference
Alice Welbourn
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Abstract
This article shows how RRA can be used as a method for identifying, exploring and analysing intra-communal difference and as a means of training development workers to appreciate the importance of this to their work. Case-studies highlight four axes of difference in communities : age, gender, ethnic background and poverty. This recognition of intra-communal differences has important implications for effective programme development since agencies should at least be aware of whether projects are in fact increasing the gap between the poor and better off.
3. Participatory modelling in North Omo, Ethiopia: investigating the perceptions of different groups through models
Ejigu Jonfa, Haile Mariam Tebeje, Tadesse Dessalegn, Hailu Halala and Andrea Cornwall
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Abstract
Participatory modelling was organised by a team on a training course in North Omo. To avoid the men dominating the activity, as is usual if only one group is formed, the group was divided into men, women and children. Each group created a model which showed their different perceptions and a version of their area which begs certain emphases and areas for intervention.
4. Shoulder tapping: a technique of training in Participatory Rural Appraisal
Anil Shah
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Abstract
This humorous account describes a field visit with District Officers in India, where the technique of 'shoulder tapping' was used to interrupt officers who tried to give advice to the farmers. The actual dialogue shows the way in which the officers' assumptions were challenged by the farmers they met.
5. ‘Pass on the pen’ approach: identifying the poorest of the poor families
K Chandramouli
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Abstract
The "pass on the pen" approach was used to identify the poorest of the poor families eligible for credit assistance under the Integrated Rural Development programme (IRDP) in Anantapur District, India. The pen, a symbol of truth and learning, was given to the poorest villager who then told about their situation and passed the pen to another poor person. The detailed description of this event shows clearly how the technique helped ensure a fair selection of families for credit assistance, avoiding manipulation by government officials.
6. The use of the school essay as an RRA technique: a case study from Bong County, Liberia
Jennifer A. Sutton and Blair D`Orr
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Abstract
The authors describe the use of the school essay method as a means of learning from school students about their and their families' perceptions and views of latrines. The ninety essays contained 535 separate likes and dislikes.
7. Methodological notes on exploring indigenous knowledge and management of crop health
James Fairhead
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Abstract
This article highlights several misconceptions which limit researchers in their investigation of local knowledge concerning crop health. Farmers have many ways to assess and influence the health of a crop without explaining it in terms of a disease. It may often be useful to carry out a parallel study of the analytical principles in understanding personal health within the community, as this will shed light on health in the plant world. Explanations also need to be considered in association with different socio-political contexts.
8. The Thippapur experience: a PRA diary
Somesh Kumar and A Santhi Kumari
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Abstract
This article reports on a PRA exercise in Andra Pradesh using the diary approach. It also gives many detailed tips for those interested in learning the lessons of working in the field.
9. RRA Notes Readership Survey
The Editors